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1 dramatic works
PI oeuvres dramatiquesEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > dramatic works
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2 dramatic
dramatic [drə'mætɪk]∎ the dramatic works of Racine le théâtre de Racine(b) figurative (theatrical) (effect, entry) théâtral, dramatique; (gesture, effect) théâtral; (spectacular) (change) remarquable, spectaculaire; (rise in prices) spectaculaire, vertigineux; (scenery) spectaculaire, grandiose;∎ there's no need to be so dramatic about it ce n'est pas la peine d'en faire un drame ou toute une histoire;∎ the story took a dramatic turn l'histoire prit un tour dramatique -
3 dramatic
adjective(lit. or fig.) dramatischdramatic art — Dramatik, die
* * *[drə'mætik]1) (of or in the form of a drama: a dramatic performance.) Schauspiel-...2) (vivid or striking: a dramatic improvement; She made a dramatic entrance.) dramatisch3) ((of a person) showing (too) much feeling or emotion: She's very dramatic about everything.) dramatisch* * *dra·mat·ic[drəˈmætɪk, AM -t̬-]1. (in theatre) Theater-\dramatic production Bühnenbearbeitung f, Inszenierung f\dramatic work [Theater]stück nt\dramatic irony LIT tragische Ironie\dramatic monologue LIT dramatischer Monolog\dramatic poetry LIT dramatische Dichtung2. (action-filled) dramatisch\dramatic climax dramatischer Höhepunkt\dramatic spectacle dramatisches Schauspielshe looked rather \dramatic sie wirkte ziemlich theatralisch\dramatic gesture theatralische Gestethere's been a \dramatic rise in unemployment die Arbeitslosigkeit ist drastisch angestiegen* * *[drə'mtɪk]1. adj1) dramatisch; change einschneidend, dramatischthere was a dramatic improvement (in it) — es verbesserte sich dramatisch
dramatic works — dramatische Werke pl, Dramen pl
his dramatic ability — seine schauspielerischen Fähigkeiten
dramatic art — Theater nt
dramatic film — Filmdrama nt
2. n dramatics3. pl1) (= theatricals) Theater nt2)(= histrionics)
his/her etc dramatics — sein/ihr etc theatralisches Getue* * *dramatic [drəˈmætık]A adj (adv dramatically)1. dramatisch, Schauspiel…: → academic.ru/78501/unity">unity 12. Schauspiel(er)…, Theater…:dramatic critic Theaterkritiker(in);dramatic rights Aufführungs-, Bühnenrechte3. bühnengerecht4. MUS dramatisch (Sopran etc):dramatic tenor Heldentenor m5. fig dramatisch, spannend, auf-, erregend6. figa) drastisch, einschneidend (Veränderungen etc): their number has increased dramatically hat sich drastisch erhöhtb) aufsehenerregend (Rede, Schrift etc)c) drastisch, besonders anschaulich (Beispiel)B spl1. (auch als sg konstruiert) Dramaturgie f (Lehre von den Regeln für die äußere Bauform und die Gesetzmäßigkeiten der inneren Struktur des Dramas)* * *adjective(lit. or fig.) dramatischdramatic art — Dramatik, die
* * *adj.dramatisch adj. -
4 dramatic
1) (of or in the form of a drama: a dramatic performance.) dramático2) (vivid or striking: a dramatic improvement; She made a dramatic entrance.) impresionante, espectacular3) ((of a person) showing (too) much feeling or emotion: She's very dramatic about everything.) dramático, teatraldramatic adj dramáticotr[drə'mætɪk]1 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL dramático,-a, teatral2 (moment, escape, development, event, announcement) emocionante, dramático,-a; (change, reduction, recovery) impresionante, espectacular, drástico,-a3 (entrance, pause) teatral, afectado,-a, histriónico,-adramatic [drə'mæt̬ɪk] adj: dramático♦ dramatically [-t̬ɪkli] advadj.• cómico, -a adj.• dramático, -a adj.• drástico, -a adj.• espectacular adj.drə'mætɪk1)a) ( Theat) (before n) dramático, teatralb) ( exaggerated) <pause/entrance> dramático, histriónico2)b) ( momentous) <events/development> dramático[drǝ'mætɪk]1. ADJ1) (=marked) [increase, rise, decline] espectacular; [change] radical, drástico; [improvement] espectacular, impresionante; [effect] espectacular, dramático2) (=exciting) [entrance] espectacular, teatral; [escape] espectacular; [decor] de gran efecto, efectista3) (Theat) [works, film] dramático, teatraldramatic art — arte m dramático
2.CPDdramatic society N — club m de teatro
* * *[drə'mætɪk]1)a) ( Theat) (before n) dramático, teatralb) ( exaggerated) <pause/entrance> dramático, histriónico2)b) ( momentous) <events/development> dramático -
5 non-dramatic performing rights in musical works
PI petits droits [droits de représentation ou d'exécution non dramatique sur les oeuvres musicales]English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > non-dramatic performing rights in musical works
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6 театр
муж. theatre;
theater амер. (в разных смыслах) ;
(здание тж.) play-house;
(драматические произведения) dramatic works мн., (the) plays мн. пойти в театр быть в театре оперный театр театр оперетты театр и кино летний театр театр военных действий ≈ the theatre of war/operations, battle-ground анатомический театр ≈ dissecting roomм.
1. (род искусства) the theatre;
история русского ~а the history of the Russian theatre;
драматический ~ the drama;
~ миниатюр revue theatre;
эстрадный ~ music-hall;
~ кукол the puppet theatre;
~ теней, теневой ~ shadow play;
2. (учреждение) the theatre;
the stage;
the theater амер. ;
работать в ~е work in the theatre;
(об актёре тж.) be* on the stage;
~ одного актёра one-man show;
solo-performance;
плавучий ~ showboat;
3. (здание) theatre, play-house;
theater амер. ;
4. (место, где происходит что-л.) theatre;
~ военных действий theatre of operations. -
7 work
work [wɜ:k]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. noun4. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. noun• work has begun on the new bridge ( = building it) on a commencé la construction du nouveau pont• good work! ( = well done) bravo !b. ( = employment, place of employment) travail m► at work ( = at place of work) au travail• an increase in the numbers out of work une augmentation du nombre des demandeurs d'emploi► off workc. ( = product) œuvre f━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► For work + preposition/adverb combinations see also phrasal verbs.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. (gen) travailler• have you solved the problem? -- we're working on it avez-vous résolu le problème ? -- on y travaille• I've been working on him but haven't yet managed to persuade him j'ai bien essayé de le convaincre, mais je n'y suis pas encore parvenu► to work towards sth œuvrer pour qchb. ( = function) [machine, car, scheme] marcher ; [medicine] agira. ( = cause to work) [+ person, staff] faire travailler ; [+ lever, pump] actionner ; [+ machine] faire marcher► to work o.s.b. ( = bring about) to work wonders [person] faire des merveilles ; [drug, medicine] faire merveillec. ( = arrange for) (inf) can you work it so she can come too? pouvez-vous faire en sorte qu'elle vienne aussi ?d. ( = manoeuvre) he worked his hands free il est parvenu à libérer ses mains• rescuers are working their way towards the trapped men les sauveteurs se fraient un passage jusqu'aux hommes qui sont bloqués• he worked his way up from office boy to managing director il est devenu PDG après avoir commencé comme garçon de bureaue. ( = shape) [+ metal, wood, dough, clay] travailler4. compounds► work outa. [plan, arrangement] marcherb. [amount] it works out at $50 per child il faut compter 50 dollars par enfantc. ( = exercise) faire de la musculation• I can't work him out (inf) je n'arrive pas à comprendre comment il fonctionne► work through inseparable transitive verb( = resolve emotionally) assumer► work up• the book works up to a dramatic ending le roman s'achemine progressivement vers un dénouement spectaculaire• I thought he was working up to asking me for a divorce je croyais qu'il préparait le terrain pour demander le divorceb. ( = develop) [+ trade, business] développer• he worked this small firm up into a major company il a réussi à faire de cette petite société une grande entreprise• I worked up an appetite/thirst carrying all those boxes ça m'a mis en appétit/m'a donné soif de porter toutes ces caisses* * *[wɜːk] 1.1) ( physical or mental activity) travail m (on sur)to go ou set ou get to work — se mettre au travail
to put a lot of work into — travailler [essay, speech]; passer beaucoup de temps sur [meal, preparations]
to put ou set somebody to work — faire travailler quelqu'un
to make short ou light work of something — expédier quelque chose
it's hot/thirsty work — ça donne chaud/soif
2) ( occupation) travail mto be in work — avoir du travail or un emploi
place of work — lieu m de travail
to be off work — ( on vacation) être en congé
3) ( place of employment) ( office) bureau m; ( factory) usine f4) (building, construction) travaux mpl (on sur)5) ( papers)to take one's work home — lit emporter du travail chez soi; fig ramener ses soucis professionnels à la maison
6) (achievement, product) (essay, report) travail m; (artwork, novel, sculpture) œuvre f (by de); ( study) ouvrage m (by de; on sur)7) ( research) recherches fpl (on sur)8) ( effect)2.to go to work — [drug, detergent] agir
works plural noun1) ( factory) usine fworks canteen — cantine f de l'usine
2) ( building work) travaux mpl3) (colloq) ( everything)3. 4.the (full ou whole) works — toute la panoplie (colloq)
transitive verb1) ( drive)2) ( labour)to work days/nights — travailler de jour/de nuit
to work one's way through a book — lire péniblement un livre, venir à bout (colloq) d'un livre
3) ( operate) se servir de4) ( exploit commercially) exploiter5) ( have as one's territory) couvrir [region]6) ( consume)to work one's way through — ( use) utiliser [amount, quantity]
7) ( bring about)to work wonders — lit, fig faire des merveilles
8) ( use to one's advantage)I've worked things so that... — j'ai arrangé les choses de sorte que...
9) ( fashion) travailler [clay, metal]10) ( embroider) broder11) ( manœuvre)to work something into — introduire quelque chose dans [slot, hole]
12) ( exercise) faire travailler [muscles]13) ( move)to work one's way along — avancer le long de [ledge]
5.it worked its way ou itself loose — cela s'est desserré peu à peu
1) ( engage in activity) travailler ( doing à faire)to work in oils — [painter] travailler à l'huile
to work towards — se diriger vers [solution]; s'acheminer vers [compromise]; négocier [agreement]
3) ( function) fonctionnerto work on electricity — marcher or fonctionner à l'électricité
4) (act, operate)it doesn't ou things don't work like that — ça ne marche pas comme ça
to work in somebody's favour —
to work against somebody —
5) ( be successful) [treatment] avoir de l'effet; [detergent, drug] agir; [plan] réussir; [argument] tenir debout6) [face, features] se contracter6.1) ( labour)2)•Phrasal Verbs:- work in- work off- work on- work out- work to- work up•• -
8 work
1) работа; обработка || обрабатывать2) обрабатываемая деталь3) (литературное) произведение, сочинение4) pl собрание сочинений5) изделие, продукция6) механизм7) конструкция- work off- work up- art work- bag work- job workАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > work
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9 work
1. работа; обработка; обрабатывать2. обрабатываемая деталь3. произведение, сочинениеfeeble work — бледное произведение, слабая работа
4. собрание сочинений5. изделие, продукция6. механизмshop work — механизированный труд; работа с механизмами
7. конструкция8. редактировать; составлять9. разрабатывать10. художественное произведение11. художественное оформлениеbag work — печать на мешках, сумках, пакетах
12. вставка в переплётную крышку13. изготовление переплётных крышек14. изготовление футляров15. процессы, относящиеся к изготовлению текстовой формы и печати с неёchromolithographic printing work — репродукция, отпечатанная способом хромолитографии
16. многокрасочная работа; цветная репродукция17. четырёхкрасочная печатьcopyrighted work — произведение, защищённое авторским правом
fake-color work — получение цветоделённых негативов или позитивов с помощью набора растровых сеток
18. акцидентная малотиражная работа19. изготовление плоского стереотипа20. штриховой оригинал21. штриховое клише22. штриховая съёмкаfield work — полевая съёмка, работа в поле; разведка, съёмка
23. однокрасочная печать24. однокрасочная репродукция25. оригинал; подлинник26. первое произведение; первоначальная работаoriginal art work — оригинальное художественное произведение; картина
27. набивка; прокладка28. грунтовка29. цветная репродукция30. многокрасочная печать31. справочная работаwork towards — работать для; работа для
32. справочник33. набор с использованием линеек34. табличный набор35. украшение букв завитками и орнаментомan ornament in bugle work — орнамент, вышитый бисером
36. работа в режиме «свитка»stone works — работы, выполняемые на спускном столе
37. продукция, отпечатанная двойником38. раскладка полос для печати двойником39. фальцовка тетрадей двойниками -
10 Cosnier, Hugues
[br]b. Angers (?) or Tours (?), Franced. between July 1629 and March 1630[br]French engineer.[br]Cosnier was probably an Angevin as he had property in Tours although he lived in Paris; his father was valet de chambre to King Henri IV. Although he qualified as an engineer, he was primarily a man of ideas. On 23 December 1603 he obtained a grant to establish silkworm breeding, or sericulture, in Poitou by introducing 100,000 mulberry plants, together with 200 oz (5.7 kg) of mulberry seed. He had 2,000 instruction leaflets on silkworm breeding printed, but his project collapsed when the Poitevins refused to co-operate. Cosnier then distributed the plants and seeds to other parts of France. The same year he approached Henri IV with the proposal to build a canal from the Loire to the Seine, partly via the Loing, from Briare to Montargis. On the king's acceptance of his proposal, Cosnier on 11 March 1604 undertook to complete the canal, which necessitated crossing the ridge between the two rivers, over a three-year period for 505,000 livres. The Canal de Briare, as it became known, with thirty-six locks including the flight of seven at Rogny, was almost complete in 1610; however, the death of Henri IV led to its abandonment. Cosnier offered to complete it at his own expense, but his offer was refused. Instead, his accounts were examined and it was found that he had already exceeded his authorized credits by 35,000 livres. In settlement, after some quibbling, he was awarded the two seigneuries of Trousse near Briare. Cosnier then suggested encircling the Paris suburbs with a canal which would not only be navigable but would also provide a water supply for fountains and drains. His proposal was accepted in 1618, but the works were never started. In the 1620s the marquis d'Effiet proposed the completion of the Canal de Briare and Cosnier was invited to resume work. Before anything more could be done Cosnier died, some time between July 1629 and March 1630, and the work was again abandoned. The canal was ultimately completed by Boutheroue in 1642, but the seven locks at Rogny remain a dramatic monument to Cosnier's ability.[br]Further ReadingP.Pinsseau, 1943, Le Canal Henri IV ou Canal de Briare, Paris. G.Fagniez, 1897, L'Economie sociale de la France sous Henri IV, Paris.JHB -
11 Guido d'Arezzo
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. c. 995 Italyd. 1050 Avellana, Italy[br]Italian music theorist who made important developments in musical notation.[br]Guido was originally a monk at the Benedictine Abbey of Pomposa, where he began to introduce innovations into the symbolic representation of music, which greatly helped in the training of choristers. Because of jealousies aroused by this work, he was obliged to leave and settled in Arezzo, capital of the province of that name in northern Italy. Around 1030 he went to Rome at the invitation of the Pope, John XIX, to explain his theories, after which he appears to have settled at the monastery of S.Croce di Fonte, Avellana, where he became prior some three years before his death. In an effort to make it easier for the choristers to maintain correct pitch and to learn the complex polyphonic chants then in development, Guido introduced two major innovations. The first was the use of a four-line staff on which the pitch of successive notes could be recorded. The second was a nomenclature for the first six notes of the major scale supposedly based on the initial syllables of a hymn said to have been composed by him, namely ut (later do), re, mi, fa, so and la. These had a dramatic effect on the learning and singing of music. He also apparently devised forms of parallel voices for plainsong.[br]BibliographyGuido's work is recorded in his treatise, c.1026, Micrologus.Further ReadingWorks describing the development of music and musical notation in medieval times include: W.C.Mickelson, 1977, Hugo Riemann's History of Music Theory, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.S.Sadie (ed.), 1980, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, vol. 9, London: Macmillan, 803.KF -
12 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV
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